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Is Free STI Testing Right for You? QUIZ Yourself
Why Free STI Testing?
Are you sexually active? Did you recently have unprotected sexual intercourse? You may be looking for free STI testing. It’s a good idea to get tested if you’ve experienced vaginal, oral, or anal sex with more than one partner. If your partner has other sexual partners, you could be at risk. Even if you use safe sex practices, they may not protect you from a sexually transmitted infection, or STI.
Do you avoid thinking about STIs and hope it won’t happen to you? No one wants to get an STI that could affect your sexual health and your future. If you’re sexually active and have no symptoms, you or your partner could have an STI and not know it. No matter your sexual orientation, the only way to have peace of mind is to get STI testing. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends STI screening (1). Community health clinics and healthcare professionals offer free, or low cost STI testing. Want to learn more about free STI testing?
Not sexually active yet but thinking about it? Want to know more about STIs and how to prevent them? The good news is that young people can get educated about STIs, no matter your sexual orientation. Get accurate information about STIs. You’re in charge of your reproductive and sexual health. You can make healthy decisions and avoid serious health problems in the future.
Test your knowledge of STIs like HPV, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, and HIV. Find out where you can get free STI screening.
Mobile users: Turn your phone horizontal.
Where can I get free, confidential STI testing?
Your health care provider can refer you for STI testing. A doctor, health clinic, county health department, or local health department may provide a list of clinic locations.
We can use the same urine sample you give for a pregnancy test. If you get a positive test result for an STI, we’ll treat you and your partner at no cost [DONATIONS ARE OPTIONAL].
Once you receive your test results, we can look at any risk factors for contracting future STIs. Our goal is to find the best way to protect your physical, sexual, and mental health. It’s possible to refer you to more health care professionals for a physical exam, and medical advice.
How Common are STIs (6)?
- According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), one in five people in the United States had an active STI in 2018. That’s nearly 68 million people.
- There were 26 million new cases of STIs in 2018
- People aged 15 to 24 years old had one in two STIs
It’s very important to get tested right away if you:
- Recently had unprotected sex of any kind, including oral, vaginal, or anal sex
- Have or had many sexual partners or a recent change in partners
- Know that your current sexual partner has or had other sex partners
- Experience itching or burning in your pelvic area
- Have unusual bleeding or discharge
- Have sores on your genitals or in your mouth/throat
- Are pregnant. Having an STI while pregnant (7) can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, pre-term delivery, and birth defects.
- Have scheduled an abortion. There’s a higher risk of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) (8) in women suffering from an untreated STI.
What are the most common STIs? Are they treatable?
HPV (9)
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a viral infection with more than 100 different varieties. It’s the most common STI in the U.S. HPV spreads through sexual intercourse or skin-to-skin contact. Some types of the HP virus cause genital warts. Others can cause cancer of the anus, penis, vagina, vulva, cervical cancer, and throat cancer. You can develop symptoms of HPV years after you have sex with someone infected. The National Cancer Institute (10) cautions the HPV vaccine doesn’t protect against all strains of the virus that cause genital warts or cancer.
Chlamydia (11)
The most common bacterial STI in the U.S. is Chlamydia, and it is almost symptom-free in 85% of women. Some symptoms of chlamydia include discharge, foul vaginal odor, and irregular bleeding. Complications can include Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. If you are pregnant and have chlamydia at the time of a full-term delivery, it can cause an eye infection in your baby. Chlamydia is treatable with antibiotics.
Gonorrhea (12)
Gonorrhea is another common and treatable STI, which can also be symptom-free. When symptoms appear, they resemble those of chlamydia. In women, symptoms include itching, burning and abdominal pain. In men, symptoms include burning during urination and/or a yellow discharge. Untreated, gonorrhea can lead to chronic liver disease, PID, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. Gonorrhea is treatable with antibiotics.
Other STI/STDs
- Genital Herpes (13)
- HIV/AIDS (14)
- Syphilis (15)
Who gets STIs? Am I at risk?
Are you sexually active? Do you have one or more sexual partners? If so, you’re at risk for getting a sexually transmitted infection, or STI. The infection starts with a viral or bacterial infection. Some STIs enter your body through skin-to-skin contact with a person who has an infection. Other STIs enter by the exchange of body fluids like semen, vaginal secretions, or blood during vaginal, oral, or anal sex. If you have an STI, it can pass to your baby during delivery. During an abortion, an STI can spread to other parts of your body, like the cervix or uterus.
If you’ve only had one or two partners, will you get an STD? When it comes to sexually transmitted diseases, here’s how the former U.S. Surgeon General C. Everett Koop, M.D. (16) describes it:
“When you have sex with someone, you are having sex with everyone they have had sex with for the last ten years, and everyone they and their partners have had sex with for the last ten years.”
Even if your partner has no symptoms, you could both have an STI and not know it. If you had treatment for an STI once, you could become infected again. One of the greatest risks of having an STI is not knowing it. With no treatment, STIs can lead to more serious STDs. They can cause infertility, lifelong disease, or even death. There are many ways to get free STI tests. If you think you’re at risk, get tested right away.
Do safe sex practices prevent STIs?
If I use a condom, it will protect me from STI’s, right? Many people think that using a condom, having oral sex, or engaging in mutual masturbation protects you from getting an STI. Anyone exposed to an infected partner can get an STI in the mouth, throat, genitals, or rectum. Several STDs may spread by oral sex (17) and can then spread throughout the body. Mutual masturbation could also lead to skin-to-skin contact or expose you to the other person’s body fluids.
Many STIs spread by contact with areas not covered by a condom. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (18) states that “condom use cannot guarantee absolute protection against any STD.” Condoms don’t reduce the transmission of some of the most common STIs (19) that spread through skin-to-skin contact, such as genital Herpes, HPV and Syphilis. Condoms are only 85% effective in reducing the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS (20). That leaves you with a 15% risk of getting HIV from an infected partner. If a condom fails, you are even more susceptible to both STIs and pregnancy.
Does double protection work? In this case, two isn’t better than one. Using two male condoms, or a male condom with a female condom is a practice known as “double bagging.” This practice is likely to offer less protection (21). Friction during sexual intercourse could cause the condoms to rub against each other and break. One condom is better than two, but still not 100% effective in preventing STIs.
Thinking about abortion? Get free STI testing first
If you’re sexually active and have unprotected sex, you may get two unexpected surprises: an STI and a pregnancy. If that describes your situation, are you looking for an abortion clinic? Before you schedule an abortion, do these three things:
- Verify your pregnancy with a medical-grade pregnancy test
- Get an ultrasound scan to be sure the pregnancy is growing in the uterus.
- Get free STI testing and treatment.
PSC can help with all three. Make an appointment today.
If you test positive for an STI, get treatment right away before the abortion. Some surgical abortion procedures push STI infections inside the cervix and uterus. That can cause serious problems.
The good news is that chlamydia and gonorrhea are treatable with antibiotics. If left untreated, chlamydia or gonorrhea can lead to Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) (22). PID is dangerous if not treated right away. PID can lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain.
Always test for STIs before an abortion (23) and get treated before having the procedure. It’s vital that you don’t have an untreated STI for a surgical or medical abortion (abortion pill).
Protect your sexual health
As always, our testing process is free, confidential, caring, and compassionate.
For all people of any sexual orientation, PSC can work with you to help achieve your long-term relationship goals. Our goal is to encourage you towards relationships with lasting intimacy.
Sources
- CDC. (2022, June 6). Screening Recommendations and Considerations Referenced in Treatment Guidelines and Original Resources. https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/screening-recommendations.htm
- Healthline. (2021, March 15). What Is the Most Common STD? https://www.healthline.com/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases/most-common-std
- CDC. (2022, June 22). Types of HIV Tests. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/hiv-testing/test-types.html
- CDC. (2022, April 12). New data suggest STDs continued to increase during first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2022/p0412-STD-Increase.html#:~:text=Ultimately%2C%20reported%20cases%20of%20gonorrhea,Control%20and%20Prevention%20(CDC).
- Healthline. (2020, September 9). The One Difference Between STIs and STDs—and How to Minimize Your Risk https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/sti-vs-std
- CDC. (2021, January 25). Sexually Transmitted Infections Prevalence, Incidence, and Cost Estimates in the United States. https://www.cdc.gov/std/statistics/prevalence-2020-at-a-glance.htm
- CDC. (2022, April 12). STDs during Pregnancy—CDC Detailed Fact Sheet. https://www.cdc.gov/std/pregnancy/stdfact-pregnancy-detailed.htm#:~:text=Untreated%20gonococcal%20infection%20in%20pregnancy,rupture%20of%20membranes%2C%20and%20chorioamnionitis.&text=Gonorrhea%20can%20also%20infect%20an,passes%20through%20the%20birth%20canal.
- Europe PMC. (1982, September 1). Significance of cervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection in postabortal pelvic inflammatory disease. https://europepmc.org/article/med/7121913
- Mayo Clinic. (2022, July 29). HPV Infection. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20351596
- NIH National Cancer Institute. (2021, May 25\). Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-vaccine-fact-sheet#:~:text=Yes.,screening%20recommendations%20for%20vaccinated%20women.
- Mayo Clinic. (2022, February 11). Chlamydia trachomatis. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chlamydia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355349
- Mayo Clinic. (2021, October 5). Gonorrhea. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gonorrhea/symptoms-causes/syc-20351774
- CDC. (2021, July 22). Genital Herpes—CDC Detailed Fact Sheet. https://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/stdfact-herpes-detailed.htm#ref5
- Mayo Clinic. (2022, July 28). HIV/AIDS. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiv-aids/symptoms-causes/syc-20373524
- Mayo Clinic. (2021, September 25). Syphilis. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/syphilis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351756
- Facebook. (2017, April 4). Sexual Exposure Chart. https://www.facebook.com/UCCHealthVine/photos/when-you-have-sex-with-someone-you-are-having-sex-with-everyone-they-have-had-se/1314214491987470/
- CDC. (2021, December 31). STD Rise and Oral Sex—CDC Fact Sheet. https://www.cdc.gov/std/healthcomm/stdfact-stdriskandoralsex.htm#:~:text=Many%20sexually%20transmitted%20diseases%20(STDs,transmitting%20HIV%20from%20oral%20sex.
- CDC. (2021, June 14). Sexual Risk Behaviors Can Lead to HIV, STDs, & Teen Pregnancy. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/sexualbehaviors/index.htm#:~:text=The%20correct%20and%20consistent%20use,against%20any%20STD%20or%20pregnancy.
- Williams College. (2022). Male Latex Condoms and Sexually Transmitted Diseases. https://health.williams.edu/medical-diagnoses/sexual-and-reproductive-health/male-latex-condoms-and-sexually-transmitted-diseases/
- NIH. (2018, November 29). Condom Use for Preventing HIV Infection. https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/condom-use
- Bedsider. (2021, November 3). What’s the deal with double bagging? https://www.bedsider.org/questions/2003-what-s-the-deal-with-double-bagging
- CDC. (2021, July 22). Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)—CDC Detailed Fact Sheet. https://www.cdc.gov/std/pid/stdfact-pid-detailed.htm
- Little Way. (2022). Does an STD/STI matter when considering abortion? https://littleway.org/does-an-std-sti-matter-when-considering-abortion/
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Are You Considering an At-Home Abortion?
(Also known as In-Home Abortion, Self-Managed Abortion, Online Abortion, or DIY Abortion)
Are you looking for a simple way to terminate your pregnancy without the expense of surgical abortion? If so, you may be thinking about the abortion pill. It can now be ordered online in the U.S. and worldwide without medical supervision and delivered to your home. Taking the pill at home may seem like an easy solution to an unwanted pregnancy. What’s the catch? Turns out ordering online can be sketchy. Protect yourself. Learn how to spot red flags from at-home abortion.
Do You Know Everything About At-Home Abortion?
Test your smarts with our short quiz. If you’re reading this, you may be pregnant, anxious, and in a hurry. Take a deep breath and educate yourself before making a big decision. As with any medication or medical procedure, at-home abortions come with risks and side effects. Before you order abortion medications without medical care by an M.D. or healthcare provider, please take this short quiz:
- I know the names of the first and second medications in a medication abortion (or abortion pill). I know what each pill does and its effectiveness/risks. YES / NO
- I have verified my pregnancy with professional pregnancy testing and an ultrasound scan with my doctor or in a clinical setting. That way I know how far along I am (in weeks’ gestation) and my pregnancy is growing in my uterus. YES / NO
- I’ve previously purchased medications from the online source where I’m planning to buy the abortion pill. I am satisfied with the quality and effectiveness. YES / NO
- I've decided to have this abortion at home and I’m not feeling pressured to do it. I have the support of my partner and/or family and friends and will not experience my at-home abortion alone. YES / NO
- I have a doctor or other medical help on standby. I have access to a local emergency room in case of excessive cramping, hemorrhaging, or another emergency. YES / NO
If you didn’t answer YES to ALL five questions, read on to learn more before you order abortion medications online.
Let’s Define Abortion
There are two main categories of abortion methods:
Surgical abortion
is a surgical intervention that terminates a pregnancy by detaching and removing the developing embryo from the uterus (1). It is performed by an M.D. or abortion provider in a doctor’s office, clinic, or operating room. Two of the most common types of surgical abortion are suction, or vacuum aspiration, and dilation and evacuation (D&E).
Medication abortion
The abortion pill, or chemical abortion, involves taking two oral medications in early pregnancy (2).
First, you take oral mifepristone (Mifeprex). This causes the lining of the uterus to thin and prevents the embryo from staying implanted and growing. An M.D. or health care provider usually administers the first pill.
Next, immediately or up to two days later you take the second oral medication called misoprostol. The second pill causes the uterus to contract and expel the embryo through the vagina. Your doctor will follow up with you during and after the abortion process, which can take from five hours to a week or more.
Talk with someone who cares
and won’t profit from your decision either way. Please click below to chat or to make an appointment to learn more.
An At-home abortion with abortion pills from the internet is riskier than pills mailed from your physician or an abortion clinic. It's riskier because you don't have medical supervision and follow-up. It’s also riskier because you don’t know about the quality, effectiveness, or identity of the pills. (Two pills are standard, but some online services only provide one pill.)
Is At-Home Abortion for Me?
At-Home Abortion is less expensive than surgical abortion and may seem more convenient. In theory, you can experience the process at home and order the pills confidentially online.
Since you get the pills by mail and take them while you relax in bed or on the couch, you may think of this as a DIY project. DIY is a popular trend right now. It’s a fun way to highlight your hair or create new clothes at home, but it is not the best idea for managing a medical procedure. Chemical abortion can last for weeks and is usually associated with intense pain, nausea, vomiting, and heavy bleeding. Since it takes so long, it’s impossible to predict where you will be when intense bleeding and pain occur.
You need accurate information and answers to these questions before choosing an at-home abortion:
How far along am I?
Do you know for sure if you’re pregnant?
If you took a home pregnancy test, it’s important to verify your pregnancy and due date with accurate, professional pregnancy testing.
Are you less than 10 weeks pregnant?
Often women don’t have an accurate idea of their due date.
"If a woman thinks she's 10 weeks pregnant but is 13 weeks, she's just increased her risk from one in 20 to one in three that a Medication Abortion will cause adverse events such as heavy bleeding, hemorrhaging or a painful, incomplete abortion and possible surgical intervention.” Donna Harrison, M.D. and author states (c).
Where to find free testing to answer these questions?
NAME OF CENTER provides free pregnancy testing and ultrasound to determine the age and viability of your pregnancy.
Not in the CITY/STATE area? Find your local medical pregnancy help center through optionline or CareNet.
Do I know for sure if the pregnancy is growing in my uterus?
Outside the uterus
A small percentage of pregnancies develop abnormally in the fallopian tubes (4) rather than the uterus. This is known as an ectopic pregnancy and one in 40 pregnancies is ectopic. When you have an ultrasound scan to determine how many weeks of pregnancy you are we'll also check that your pregnancy is growing in your uterus. Without an ultrasound scan, it’s impossible to know if the pregnancy is growing normally in the uterus.
Abortion pills don't work
If you take abortion pills with an ectopic pregnancy, you may think that the intense pain and bleeding are from a normal medication abortion. More likely, it’s from a rupture of the fallopian tube. Some women taking the abortion pill have died from unrecognized, rupturing ectopic pregnancies (5). They present dangerous risks to a woman’s health if undetected.
Medical abortions performed without a prior ultrasound scan were more likely to be incomplete and require follow-up surgery, according to an article published in the journal Contraception (6).
Get free pregnancy testing and ultrasound scans from Pregnancy Help Lebanon.
Is there a doctor, nurse practitioner, or medical provider I can talk to first?
- Before taking the abortion pill, see a licensed medical provider. Why? They can diagnose or warn you of any complications based on your medical history or current medical status.
- Plus, in the event of an adverse reaction to a medication abortion at home, it’s crucial to have a physician or nurse practitioner available to call.
- If you don’t have the financial resources for physician care, consider choosing a pregnancy medical center (like ours) that offers free services and does not profit from your decision to end your pregnancy at home.
Where are the pills coming from? What am I getting in the mail?
- CLI (7) found there are at least 72 unique websites that currently sell the abortion pill online. There is no screening before prescribing or assessment of how far along you are in pregnancy when purchasing from these websites.
- Many of these websites are outside of the United States. “They (websites) are not regulated and there is no guarantee what drug or dosage will be received, or if the package will be damaged. Some sites only send the second pill, misoprostol, which often causes birth defects when the baby survives the abortion attempt.” according to Donna Harrison, M.D., and author.
- Some women have reported that their online sources provided only misoprostol along with an antibiotic and an anti-anxiety pill. There was no labeling or instructions about each pill or how to take it.
Have I discussed this with anyone or am I trying to keep this a secret?
- Sometimes an unwanted pregnancy causes shame and secrecy. Are you trying to keep this a secret from your partner, family, or friends?
- It may feel like your world is falling apart because of this crisis, but this is the time to reach out for help so you can decide without shame or panic. Take a deep breath and talk to a trusted friend or family member.
- You’re not alone. There is help available. “If you’re ordering pills online and feel like you have to hide it from everyone, ask yourself ‘why am I doing it?’” Sarah Bowen of athomeabortionfacts.com (8).
Am I being pressured to have an At-Home Abortion?
- If you’re feeling pressured by a friend, partner, family member, or employer to have an abortion, please reach out and talk to someone.
- Nobody can force you to have an abortion. It’s called coercion and it’s illegal in all 50 states in the U.S. Many places can help you have a safe and healthy pregnancy, care for you, and watch out for you. Contact optionline.org (9) to find out more.
What if I Change My Mind?
If you take the first pill (mifepristone) and then change your mind about going through with the abortion, help is available. Please call (877) 558-0333 within 24 hours of taking either of the pills.
“Abortion pill reversal protocol was created to assist women who have taken mifepristone and would like to continue their pregnancies. However, we receive calls from women who have taken both mifepristone and misoprostol. We have protocols to help them as well.”
says Christa Brown, BSN, RN, LAS of abortionpillreversal.com (10).
These medications prescribed for medical or non-surgical abortions come with reproductive risks. In fact, they are classified as hazardous medications by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (11). The meds should be disposed of properly.
Don’t have a medication abortion in these situations:
- You are more than nine weeks pregnant. You shouldn't attempt a medical abortion if you are too far along in your pregnancy (calculated in weeks after the start of your last period). Some types of medical abortions aren't done after seven weeks of pregnancy.
- Have an intrauterine device (IUD).
- Have a suspected ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside of the uterus).
- Have certain medical conditions. (Including bleeding disorders; certain heart or blood vessel diseases; severe liver, kidney, or lung disease; or an uncontrolled seizure disorder.)
- Take a blood thinner or certain steroid medications.
- Can’t make follow-up visits to your doctor or don’t have access to emergency care.
- Have an allergy to the medications.
Sources: Mayo Clinic (12) and FDA (5)
What Are the Risks/Side Effects of At-Home Abortion?
“Abortion is a medical intervention and taking pills at home doesn’t change the magnitude of the intervention a woman is undertaking—and now she’s doing it all alone.” Dr. George Delgado, M.D., F.A.A.F.P. (13)
Risks or complications from medication abortion:
- Incomplete abortion, which may need to be followed by surgical abortion
- An ongoing unwanted pregnancy if the procedure doesn’t work
- Heavy and prolonged bleeding
- Infection
- Fever
- Digestive system discomfort
Source: the Mayo Clinic (12)
NOTE: With an abortion at home, it’s up to you to handle safe abortion care. You have to make decisions such as: Is it time to take the second pill? Am I bleeding and cramping too much? Should I go to the emergency room?
Most people who get the first pill, mifepristone will report adverse reactions (21). And "About 90% of patients report adverse reactions" after taking the second pill, misoprostol (21).
"Side effects include more heavy bleeding than a heavy menstrual period, abdominal pain, uterine cramping, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.” (21).
A study, published in the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, (14) followed abortion outcomes in Finland. (They chose Finland because all pregnancy outcomes are accurately documented there). The study compares the risk of complications following both surgical and medication abortions (referred to as chemical):
The overall risk of an adverse event following an abortion
- Chemical = 20% of patients (1 of 5)
- Surgical = 5.6% of patients (1 of 20)
Hemorrhage Risk
- Chemical = 15.6% (1 in 6)
- Surgical = 2.1% (1 in 50)
Incomplete Abortion Risk
- Chemical = 6.7% (1 in 15)
- Surgical = 1.6% (1 in 60)
Emergency Surgery Risk
- Chemical = 5.9% (1 in 15)
- Surgical = 1.8% (1 in 60)
Medication abortion has also caused:
- Thousands of adverse events, including 768 hospitalizations and 24 deaths since 2000 according to data published in 2018 by the FDA (15).
- A recent study (3) cites severe side-effects including heavy bleeding, intense pain, and some deaths.
- Twice as many ER visits as surgical abortions (16). (In 2015, surgical abortions were 6.2% of total ER visits. Chemical abortions peaked at 14.6% in 2015. (16).)
Since many adverse events happen at home, they are underreported. There are discrepancies in the reporting of adverse events (17) from the abortion pill by abortion providers. Headlines shout the abortion pill is “Safer than Tylenol” (18). However, in the best of cases, there is pain, cramping, and bleeding for a day to weeks after taking the abortion pill. The worst cases involve hemorrhaging, incomplete abortion, and emergency surgery.
What are U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Guidelines for Online Sale of Abortion Pills?
In December 2019, partially in response to COVID-19 restrictions, the FDA permanently lifted a major restriction on access to abortion pills (19). This allows patients to receive the medication by mail instead of in person from certified health providers.
While this makes it easier for you to have access to the abortion pill, it also opens the door for online services not certified by the FDA to provide abortion access over the internet. Some of these online services are not pharmacies and are operating in other countries. Please beware of purchasing the abortion pill online. Use an online pharmacy you’re familiar with, and check that they meet the FDA qualifications (5) as a health care provider.
This is the published FDA Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) (2) about purchasing the abortion pill online:
- Mifeprex must be ordered, prescribed, and dispensed by or under the supervision of a healthcare provider who prescribes and who meets certain qualifications.
- Healthcare providers who wish to prescribe Mifeprex must complete a Prescriber Agreement Form before ordering and dispensing Mifeprex.
- Mifeprex may only be dispensed in clinics, medical offices, and hospitals by or under the supervision of a certified healthcare provider.
- The healthcare provider must obtain a signed Patient Agreement Form before dispensing Mifeprex.
Do Not Buy Mifeprex or its Approved Generic Over the Internet
Why not? Because you will bypass important safeguards designed to protect your health.
Mifeprex and its approved generic have special safety restrictions on how it is distributed to the public. Also, drugs purchased from foreign Internet sources are not the FDA-approved versions of drugs. They are not subject to FDA-regulated manufacturing controls or FDA inspection (2).
To learn more about buying drugs safely, please see Buying Prescription Medicines Online: A Consumer Safety Guide [PDF] (20).
You’re In Charge of Your Reproductive Health
Whatever your decision on at-home abortion, take advantage of the support available to you. You may have more questions like the ones listed below. If so, please reach out to us or any of the resources listed below. It’s your choice to protect your body and your reproductive health.
- What if only one pill arrives in the mail? Is it misoprostol? Are the pills labeled?
- What if my pregnancy is further along than I thought—beyond 10 weeks—and I only take the misoprostol pill? Will I have a live birth? What should I do?
- What if I’m having heavy vaginal bleeding, hemorrhaging, or other complications? Who can I call and where can I go?
- What if I change my mind after taking the first pill?
- What if I’ve decided to continue my pregnancy but need help getting free pregnancy testing and an ultrasound scan?
Available Resources
Help and a listening ear are a phone call or click away. Contact any of the resources listed below.
- At-Home Abortion Facts
- Option Line
- Abortion Pill Reversal Network
- Your local pregnancy center (Pregnancy Help Lebanon)
References
- https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/getting-pregnant/expert-answers/abortion/faq-20058551
- https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/mifeprex-mifepristone-information
- Harrison, Dr. Donna. (2022, January 25). Personal interview. https://s27319.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Deaths-and-Severe-Adverse-Events-after-the-use-of-Mifepristone-as-an-Abortifacient-from-September-2000-to-February-2019-copy5.pdf
- https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/symptoms-causes/syc-20372088
- https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/questions-and-answers-mifeprex
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34329607/
- https://lozierinstitute.org/fact-sheet-online-sales-of-mifeprex-and-misoprostol-for-self-abortion/
- Bowen, Sarah. (2022, January 24). Personal interview. https://www.athomeabortionfacts.com/
- https://www.optionline.org/
- Brown, Christa. (2022, February 1). Personal interview. https://abortionpillreversal.com/
- https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2016-161/pdfs/2016-161.pdf?id=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2016161
- https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/medical-abortion/about/pac-20394687
- Delgado, Dr. George. (2022, February 2). Personal interview.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19888037/
- https://www.fda.gov/media/112118/download
- https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/23333928211053965
- https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/23333928211068919
- https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/cecile-richards-claims-abortion-pills-are-safer-than-taking-tylenol/
- https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/16/health/abortion-pills-fda.html
- https://www.fda.gov/drugs/buying-using-medicine-safely/quick-tips-buying-medicines-over-internet
- https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00834
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Healing from Post-Abortion Depression
She didn’t usually feel like this. Sluggish and unmotivated, like it took effort to even breathe. Her eyelids were heavy. Sleep never came anymore. Everyone was worried about her and wondered what was going on. She couldn’t tell them. She couldn’t bring herself to explain that she felt like part of her was missing, like she had become unanchored and nothing in life mattered anymore. So she tried to forget about it all. About the pregnancy. About the abortion. About the shame and pain and grief that now trailed behind her everywhere she went. Hannah had post-abortion depression. And she needed help.
What is Post-Abortion Depression?
Post-abortion depression results after someone experiences emotional trauma following an abortion. Post-abortion depression looks different for everyone. It often includes symptoms like a lack of motivation and inability to eat or sleep. Symptoms can also include anxiety, feelings of sadness and detachment. Women may experience recurring flashbacks of the abortion. Post-abortive men can also feel depressed, and there are resources available to them.
“Just as the reasons for having an abortion differ, so can the person’s emotional response to the procedure. This can range from relief, calm, and happiness to sadness, grief, loss, and regret, depending on the individual’s situation. If negative feelings are severe and persistent, they could be a sign of depression.” (1).
In the aftermath of abortion, women can often find themselves hit with the following symptoms. They may have to navigate tidal waves of emotion. Oftentimes they will feel extreme anger towards themselves or others. Abortion stress can cause shame or guilt. Women may even experience feelings of numbness. Women may often feel alone or isolated, dealing with the pain of abortion on their own. They may have trouble connecting with people and being around others.
Though there is no scientific consensus on a link between depression and abortion, there are many reports that point to a connection (2). Post-abortion depression can completely disrupt a person’s life.
Why Does Post-Abortion Depression Happen?
There are a few reasons Post-Abortion Depression could occur. A pregnancy loss disrupts hormones, which can cause different emotions to become prolonged.
“Pregnancy loss for any reason can disrupt your hormone cycle, potentially causing negative feelings,” Gabrielle explains. “It’s possible to feel both profoundly impacted and relieved at the same time. An entire spectrum of feelings, from relief to traumatic stress, is normal.” (3).
A person could feel a particular social stigma or lack of support following an abortion, which can lead to depression. Oftentimes abortion regret or feelings of guilt can affect a woman after the pregnancy loss. Without effective coping skills, a person can become overwhelmed by these prolonged emotions.
If a woman felt pressured into an abortion, the chances of her experiencing post-abortion depression are significantly higher. Likewise, if she does not have a strong social support system, she will have a harder time healing (2). In cases where a woman had a preexisting mental health condition, the chances of her dealing with depression increase, as well (3).
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How do I Heal from Post-Abortion Depression?
Hannah did not have to go through the pain of her abortion alone. Instead of talking to someone, finding community, or opening up, she decided to ignore it, to make it go away.
The thing is, her abortion struggle didn’t go away on its own.
“It just eats away at you, especially if you don’t deal with it.” This is a quote from Micki, another woman who tried to ignore her past abortion. Micki began her healing process years after the effects of abortion. She says that sharing her abortion experience is difficult, but also healing.
To read more about Micki’s story, click here.
Personal Post-Abortion Depression Healing Exercises
The most important step of healing is to give yourself a safe space to experience what you are feeling. Give yourself permission, whether you are feeling grief, relief, or a mixture of many different things. Your feelings are important and valid.
Journaling is a good first step to find the source of your emotions. Why are you feeling this way? To explore these feelings, you may benefit from the help of a counselor. Post-abortion therapy will help you manage your difficult emotions.
The healing process from the emotional trauma of post-abortion depression takes time. Recovery will be different for everyone. Experiencing an intense range of emotions directly after an abortion is normal. However, if you’re experiencing the emotions for a long time after the abortion, it may be cause to seek expert help. If your struggle is interfering with your ability to do normal activities, that’s another sign you need healing.
Post-Abortion Depression Outreach and Support
There is nothing wrong with asking for post-abortion support. You don’t need to suffer alone. Talk to a trusted friend or family member, or seek help with a local pregnancy resource center. There, mental health professionals can provide a non-judgmental environment. Most abortion healing courses are led by women who have experienced an abortion themselves. These courses are almost always free, as well. They can also connect you with community resources available for you to use for support after abortion.
Support groups also exist for those who have experienced an abortion. Your local PRC can help you get involved with these abortion support groups. Meeting with a monthly support group can help you with the process of restoration. Others have lived through these same struggles. You may find that advice of other people will help you as well.
Where Can I Find Support for Post-Abortion Depression?
There are many public resources you can use for post-abortion healing. Hannah did not need to keep her feelings to herself. She did not need to experience the pain following an abortion on her own. There are many different ways for those who need support to find a safe place.
Check out your local Pregnancy Resource Center. There, they can help connect you with abortion recovery programs and counselors who can help. These resources will help you learn how to move on from abortion.
Your close friends and family can also be another resource. Telling your story will help you navigate your painful post-abortion emotions. By giving yourself permission to talk to someone, you allow an outlet for yourself to process emotional pain.
Find friends. Find support. Get help. If you are feeling depressed, do not suffer alone. There are people in your community who are willing and able to be a shoulder to lean on. A person to count on. A community to rely on.
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Sources
Hannah’s story is an aggregate of many womens’ stories.
- Drake, Kimberly. (2022, July 24). Coping with Grief and Depression after an Abortion. Psych Central. https://rb.gy/cake55
- Raypole, Crystal. (2020, June 11). What's the Deal with Post-Abortion Syndrome? Healthline.
https://www.healthline.com/health/post-abortion-syndrome#post-abortion-feelings - Reardon, D.C. (2018) The Abortion and Mental Health Controversy: A Comprehenive Literature Review of Common Ground Agreements, Disagreements, Actionable Recommendations, and Research Opportunities. SAGE Open Med, 6(205031211880762).
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What to do if your Son Gets Someone Pregnant
As a parent, you receive news and updates from your son on a regular basis. “I got a ‘B’ on the algebra test you helped me study for.” Or, “I made the team! I can’t wait to play this year!” News that they are happy to share and you are excited to hear. So if your son recently shared with you the news that they got someone pregnant, it may be a difficult time for you both. You are not alone. There will be thousands of teen pregnancies each year. (1) Thousands of families face this challenge successfully. This article will discuss ways to support and guide your son through this experience and to a healthy future.
Processing The News
This news is bound to be disappointing and have far more gravity than a low test score or missing the team roster. A parent’s first instinct may be to adopt a “you got yourself in the mess, get yourself out” approach to the situation. But that’s not best. As Drs. Bailey and Wilson-Wilborn of the Teen+ Project comment:
“Rather than debating whether teen pregnancy/parenting is wrong, which does nothing to help teens who are already on a path towards parenthood, let’s agree that teen parenting/pregnancy is not a lifestyle designed for teens to successfully handle.” (2)
If you want your son to successfully handle the reality of the pregnancy and beyond, he'll need your support. You as a parent will need to recognize and process your feelings so that you will be there to support him. You and your son need to build or maintain good communication skills. Your son may not fully grasp the situation. Possible thoughts teen dads may need to process are:
- They may not want their babies.
- They may view the creation of a child as an achievement and not recognize the serious responsibilities.
- They become overwhelmed by guilt, anxiety, and fears about the future. (3)
It is important to remain calm and remember that your parental role is to love your son and provide guidance during this delicate time.
Don't Forget the Other Half
It may seem too late to explain to your son how he gets someone pregnant, but it is a good time to remind him that he is not alone in this experience. Some young men may feel trapped or cornered by the pregnancy. They may have instincts to ignore the reality of the situation. As a parent and responsible adult, you may have to remind him of his role in this situation and direct him to consider the experience of the mother too.
The mother-to-be is processing her own thoughts and reality. She has a lot to consider and it would be vital to everyone involved if your son were to educate himself on her side of the situation. Helping the mother have a healthy pregnancy (4) can be a great way for your son to be an active participant in the pregnancy and process many of his own thoughts and emotions. He is not alone in this pregnancy, and if he is willing to be a helpful healthy part of the process, then the mother will not be alone either.
If you know the parents of a pregnant daughter, feel free to share this article with them:
Challenges
Teens may face many issues and problems daily. The transition from childhood to adulthood is a perilous time. Every adult has experienced their own gauntlet. Today’s teens face similar trials you may have faced as a teen. These are amplified through social media and access to a worldwide ocean of opinions. You will need to help him navigate the pressure of regular teenage maturation plus the pressure of parenthood. Below are a few of the challenges your son may face if he gets someone pregnant.
Emotions
Feelings are a storm for teens on a normal day. Add to the mix the news that your son got someone pregnant, and the result can be a hurricane. The negative feelings such as depression and increased anxiety can be destructive. Teen fathers experience significantly more anxiety and depression than their older counterparts. (5) He needs to know that you love him, that you will love his expected child, and you will be there to support them both.
You will have a range of emotions to contend with as well. Frustration, disappointment, anger, and other negative feelings may come in waves. Other emotions, such as excitement for being a grandparent, love for this growing baby, and other positive feelings will be present as time goes on. Communicate your feelings - positive and negative - with your son.
Academics
Teenage fathers are less likely to graduate from high school. (6) It is well known that completing a high school diploma or GED is a fundamental building block to a financially secure future. Your son will need your help and possible help from outside resources to remain in school and complete his education.
Support Programs
There have been numerous social research projects over the years which have led to the development of many support programs for teen mothers. Unfortunately, there have been very few support programs developed for teen dads. That is all the more reason why it is essential for you to support and guide your son. Pregnancy Support Center is also working to bridge the gap.
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Financial Responsibilities
Every parent can tell you that children mean an increase in expenses. Even before they arrive and go through diapers and formula on a daily basis, there may be expenses related to the pregnancy. Depending on the age of your son and the age of the mother, you may need to be part of discussions about the responsibilities of medical expenses, transportation costs, and other pregnancy-related financial changes. The mother and her family will be discussing these issues and more as they prepare to speak with your son about the pregnancy.
Related Reading:
Medical Responsibilities
When your son gets someone pregnant, you now know that they are sexually active. You will have to have a talk about whether he and she were monogamous in their sexual activity or if they may have had many sexual partners. It is wise to have your son and the mother submit to STI testing for their health and the health of the baby.
Available Options
In some situations, a father-to-be may believe that ending the pregnancy is the best course of action. He may even discuss this idea with the mother. Your son needs to understand that he cannot pressure or force a woman to have an abortion. Coercing someone into abortion is illegal - state laws may vary, but why risk it? (7)
Instead, you can direct your son to resources in your local area that will promote the healthy pregnancy and birth of your future grandchild. A wonderful place to start is at your local pregnancy resource center. Many PRC locations offer ultrasounds, parenting classes, counseling, and employment referrals. Ultrasounds can be a significant moment for young fathers to connect to their child. (8)
Post Pregnancy
When your son gets someone pregnant, they both embark on what many hope to be a lifetime journey. The nine months of pregnancy will have their challenges. But even now you must help your son prepare for the post-pregnancy period. In many cultures throughout history, a couple would get married if they were pregnant. Today, 8 out of 10 teen fathers do not marry the mother of their child. (9) Almost half of teen fathers will have a child again by his early twenties, although not necessarily with the same mother. (10) Whether your son and the mother marry or not, they will be responsible for the care and upbringing of a new baby soon. Discuss with your son about parenting. The challenges and the joys. Encourage him and the mother to work on communication, because communication will be key to a successful co-parenting relationship. This may mean taking classes or attending seminars. A local Pregnancy Resource Center can be just the place to start! Pregnancy Support Center is a great resource to help a young father prepare for the joys of fatherhood. We also have help for you as a pending grandparent, so come with your son to visit us today!
Sources
- Trends in Teen Pregnancy and Childbearing; https://opa.hhs.gov/adolescent-health/reproductive-health-and-teen-pregnancy/trends-teen-pregnancy-and-childbearing
- https://psychologybenefits.org/2015/04/22/babies-having-babies-supporting-and-assisting-pregnant-and-parenting-teens/
- https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/When-Children-Had-Children-031.aspx
- https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/preg-health.html
- Anxiety and depressions in fathers in teenage pregnancy; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16168019/
- https://www.dosomething.org/us/facts/11-facts-about-teen-dads#fn3
- https://thejusticefoundation.org/cafa/
- Preidt, R. (2014, April 30). Pregnancy ultrasound a big bonding moment for dads-to-be. WebMD. Retrieved October 28, 2022, from https://www.webmd.com/baby/news/20140430/pregnancy-ultrasound-a-big-bonding-moment-for-dads-to-be
- https://www.dosomething.org/us/facts/11-facts-about-teen-dads#fn2
- https://www.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Child_Trends-2012_06_01_RB_TeenFathers.pdf
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Ectopic Pregnancy: The Importance of an Ultrasound
The importance of an ultrasound cannot be overstated. Beginning at six weeks of pregnancy, an ultrasound can detect the growing fetus. This allows healthcare professionals to determine whether or not a pregnancy will be viable (1). “In a normal pregnancy, the fertilized egg implants and develops in the uterus. In an ectopic pregnancy, the egg implants somewhere other than the uterus — often, in the fallopian tubes” (2). Ultrasounds in early pregnancy can save lives. Early detection alerts patients about potential ectopic pregnancies.
The womb is specially created to hold and nurture a growing fetus. If a fertilized egg implants somewhere other than the uterus, the female body cannot support it. As it grows, it will likely burst the organ containing it, endangering the mother’s life (2). Ectopic pregnancies will not grow or develop into a live birth (2).
Signs and Symptoms of an Ectopic Pregnancy
An ectopic pregnancy will feel the same as a normal pregnancy, especially in the first trimester. Women will experience the typical symptoms of early pregnancy. This includes breast tenderness and a missed period, accompanied by a positive pregnancy test. From there, signs of ectopic pregnancy will become more obvious (3). Keep in mind, they are rare, occurring in only 11 out of every 1,000 pregnancies. If left untreated, though, these pregnancies can become dangerous (3).
Women may experience light vaginal bleeding and pelvic pain. Symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy will vary depending on where the egg has implanted. If the fertilized egg attaches to a fallopian tube, it is called a tubal pregnancy. When the fertilized egg is growing in the fallopian tube, shoulder pain may accompany the need for a bowel movement (4). If the egg continues to grow in the fallopian tube, the pregnancy can end in a ruptured ectopic pregnancy. This medical emergency can cause heavy bleeding and light-headedness, along with fainting (4).
Causes of an Ectopic Pregnancy
There are a few known risk factors that make an ectopic pregnancy more likely. Women who have had in vitro fertilization may have a higher risk of an ectopic pregnancy. Previous tubal pregnancies can also increase the chances of repeat ectopic pregnancies. Inflammation or infection in your tubes and other organs can also make this more likely. Tubal surgery and the use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) can increase the risk of an ectopic pregnancy. Smoking also raises the risk. Also, if a pelvic inflammatory disease is left untreated, scar tissue can prevent the fertilized egg from making its way through the fallopian tubes and into the uterus, causing a tubal pregnancy (5).
Diagnosing an Ectopic Pregnancy
To officially diagnose an ectopic pregnancy, doctors will run blood tests and an ultrasound. A transvaginal ultrasound enables doctors to use sound waves to locate the fertilized egg (6). An abdominal ultrasound will enable doctors to confirm your pregnancy or to check for internal bleeding (6).
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A blood count will be done to check for anemia or blood loss. This will enable healthcare providers to confirm if you are experiencing internal bleeding. The count will also help doctors determine whether or not you need a blood transfusion (6).
Treating an Ectopic Pregnancy
Medical treatments vary depending on when the ectopic pregnancy was detected. Doctors will also take your symptoms into account and discuss treatment options they think best suit your situation (6).
Expectant Management
Doctors will recommend expectant management if your symptoms are mild. In this case, it is quite likely the pregnancy will miscarry by itself (6). With this treatment, you’ll have regular blood tests to ensure your hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) levels are going down. Vaginal bleeding and pain in your abdominal cavity can occur. Follow-up appointments will enable doctors to monitor the ectopic pregnancy. If symptoms worsen, you and your doctor may consider other treatment options (6).
Methotrexate
Methotrexate is a drug used to stop a pregnancy from growing. This medication is a single injection, after which you can return home. Again, regular blood tests will ensure that treatment is working (6). It’s also important to use a reliable contraceptive for three months following the injection. Methotrexate can harm a baby if you become pregnant during this time (6).
Surgery
In surgery, a laparoscopic procedure is used. Your surgeon will make a small incision to insert a surgical instrument to permit the surgical procedure. These small cuts will enable doctors to remove the fertilized egg before it becomes too large. In some cases, the entire fallopian tube containing the pregnancy is removed. This is not thought to lessen your chances of becoming pregnant again (6).
If your fallopian tube ruptures, you must have emergency surgery. This is to stop the bleeding and repair your ruptured fallopian tube.
Side Effects of an Ectopic Pregnancy
Healing from an ectopic pregnancy can look different depending on the treatment used. In many cases, side effects of ectopic pregnancy could continue for a few weeks following treatment (7). These side effects may include:
- Pain in lower abdomen
- Bloating
- Extreme tiredness
- Vaginal bleeding
- Fertility issues
- High hCG levels, causing your body to still feel pregnant
- Psychological effects
If side effect symptoms worsen over time, contact your doctor.
Healing from an Ectopic Pregnancy
Healing from ectopic pregnancies will differ from individual to individual. In some cases, depending on treatment, physical healing can take from four to six weeks (7). To help with physical recovery, stay away from heavy lifting. Avoid strenuous activity or running or walking long distances. Give your body a chance to physically heal from the pregnancy.
Emotional healing will need to take place as well. Oftentimes, women can experience feelings of grief after an ectopic pregnancy. Post-traumatic stress, anxiety, and depression can result after treatment of an ectopic pregnancy (7). Support is available, whether through counseling, support groups, or personal self-care. The most important thing is to be gentle with yourself. Give yourself time for the recovery you need.
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Common Myths about an Ectopic Pregnancy
As with anything, there are plenty of misconceptions about ectopic pregnancies. Plenty of evidence exists to debunk these myths.
Myth #1: Medically, treating ectopic pregnancies is the same as abortion
The CDC defines abortion as a termination of a pregnancy within the uterus (8). Ectopic pregnancies occur outside of the uterus.
The abortion pill does not treat ectopic pregnancy. The FDA received reports of two deaths from ectopic pregnancy after mifepristone (abortion pill) use (9). The medication used for abortions is different than the medication used for the removal of ectopic pregnancies (9).
Myth #2: Morally, treating ectopic pregnancies is the same as abortion
Motives behind the removal of a pregnancy make a difference, especially when it comes to an issue of morality. The termination of an ectopic pregnancy is done to save a mother’s life. Without the removal, the fertilized egg would continue to grow and rupture the mother’s organs. Ectopic pregnancies are also not viable. There is not a chance that the fertilized egg could continue to grow and mature outside of the uterus (4).
In contrast, elective abortion is not necessary to save the life of a mother. Abortion is the removal of a live, healthy baby.
Myth #3: Legally, treating ectopic pregnancies is the same as abortion
Each state defines abortion, and each of these definitions exclude ectopic pregnancies. Each state makes exceptions to preserve the life of the mother (10). The removal of a deceased baby, or an unviable pregnancy, is not the same as the removal of a live, healthy baby.
Final Thoughts About Ectopic Pregnancies
Ultrasounds exist to help detect conditions such as ectopic pregnancies. Taking initiative and asking for an early ultrasound could save your life. If you are experiencing abdominal or pelvic pain and spotting, you may be experiencing one of the rare cases of an ectopic pregnancy.
An early diagnosis will ensure the quickest and easiest recovery. Make your health a priority and schedule an early ultrasound.
Don’t have insurance? Don’t worry.
Contact us for our free pregnancy resources.
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Sources
- Horsager-Boehrer, Robyn. (2018, November 20). Patience is Key: Understanding the timing of early ultrasounds. UT Southwestern Medical Center. https://utswmed.org/medblog/patience-key-understanding-timing-early-ultrasounds/
- Hirsch, Larissa. (n.d.) Ectopic Pregnancy. Kids Health. https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/ectopic.html
- Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 2020 Jul; 80(7): 686–701. Published online 2020 Jul 14. doi: 10.1055/a-1181-8641
- Mayo Clinic Staff. (2022, March 12). Ectopic Pregnancy. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/symptoms-causes/syc-20372088
- Mayo Clinic Staff. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352594
- NHS. (2022, August 23). Treatment, Ectopic Pregnancy. NHS. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/treatment/
- Ectopic Pregnancy Trust. (n.d.) Physical Recovery. https://ectopic.org.uk/physical-recovery
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, November 22). CDCs Abortion Surveillance System FAQs. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/data_stats/abortion.htm
- Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.) Questions and Answers on Mifeprex. FDA. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/questions-and-answers-mifeprex
- Flanders, Nancy. (2022, June 28). FACT: Treatments for miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy are legal in every state. Live Action.
https://www.liveaction.org/news/treatments-miscarriage-ectopic-legal-state/
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How can I afford a baby? Are there emergency financial resources for pregnancy? After staring at a positive pregnancy test, you probably want to sob like a damsel in distress in fairy tales. You may be considering an abortion to close this chapter in your life. Babies are expensive, but the story of your unplanned pregnancy does not have to end here. You can keep your baby and stay afloat financially by connecting with these 3 resources.
The staff at Pregnancy Support Center are your fairy godmothers. We listen with empathy, then wave a magic wand to meet your needs. One mom never had to buy diapers thanks to her local PRC. She saved thousands of dollars! We help with free baby supplies, like clothes up to age 2 (or 5) years of age.
Have you ever googled for pregnancy financial help and come up empty?
Client advocates are connected to local resources that might not have a strong presence on Google. Staff can help connect you with free community resources.
For example, we can REFER YOU TO A FREE CLINIC for ultrasounds and STI testing.
Plus, one PRC points people where to get free FRESH food, to liven up shelf-stable food pantry items.
Free food and supplies can ease your financial strain.
Free budgeting classes at Pregnancy Support Center can also help you cut hidden costs. Get budgeting tips tailored to your situation.
One time, a couple did not even have a bank account, so a client advocate guided them through the process of opening one.
Grow your
support system
and stretch your dollars!
2. Government Assistance for Pregnant Women
OK this is more than one resource. Think of these programs as your magical talking animal sidekicks. The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS,) TANF and other “alphabet soup” departments help low income individuals afford basic necessities like food, health insurance, housing and more.
Let's start with food.
Both SNAP and WIC help you afford groceries. Once you’re connected to SNAP, you can use your EBT card to shop on Amazon! No membership required. But if you want a discounted Prime membership, EBT qualifies you for that, too.
Next, health insurance.
If you are pregnant and lack health insurance, you probably qualify for Medicaid. Make sure you count your unborn baby as a member of your household on the application. Bigger households raise the income limit, so it can help to get a free ultrasound to check for twins or triplets. PRCs can refer you for a free ultrasound.
Help with jobs.
Often, women say “I need to get a job interview early before I start showing.” You cannot be discriminated against in job interviews. (Employers are not allowed to ask if you are pregnant.) You cannot be fired for being pregnant. Depending on the department, they may have work programs you can do while pregnant. Some programs help with transportation to jobs.
Child Care.
Programs will cover, or partially cover, child care costs, saving you money. (Get started early. Top rated child care facilities have long waitlists.)
If you’re not sure where to start,
talk to us at Pregnancy Support Center about which agencies serve your needs.
United Way advances the common good through health, education and financial stability. They keep current lists of local charities and services for your needs. It’s basically a genie in a bottle.
The fastest way to access this network is to call their partner, 2-1-1 (24/7) or go online. 211 can help with financial assistance. They can point you to transportation assistance, including basic car repair, bus pass help, and sometimes fuel cards.
Confidential support
in a judgement-free zone
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Many pregnant women thinking about getting an early ultrasound have questions. We want to answer your questions so you know what to expect.
A few things to know about early ultrasound scans:
- Ultrasounds at Pregnancy Support Center are free
- Ultrasounds are safe
- We can help you prepare - and you do not have to go alone
- How early ultrasounds work and what they look like
- Common reasons for an early ultrasound
If you have more questions after reading this article, we would love to talk with you. Schedule an appointment with us, below.
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Thanks to our generous donors, we are able to provide you with a free ultrasound. You do not need insurance. We provide this as a service to you and your unborn baby. Our pregnancy center is a nonprofit organization, and we are here to support you. We keep your information completely confidential and do not profit from any decision you make. For more information about pregnancy centers, click here. (1)
Early ultrasounds are medical diagnostic procedures. An ultrasound machine is safe when used by a certified health care provider. If you schedule a prenatal ultrasound with us, you and your baby will be free of any dangerous risks. (2)
We understand if you are anxious to see your ultrasound image and we are happy to show you images from your ultrasound scan. Keeping that in mind, the reason for an early ultrasound is to help you know about your health and your developing baby. For that reason, we encourage you to view this procedure as a medical process that serves your health and your baby’s health. There is more information about common reasons for early ultrasounds below.
There are a few things you might find helpful to know before scheduling an appointment with us. The first thing to know is that we may ask you to drink fluids and avoid urinating for a specific amount of time before the procedure. (More about this in the next section.)
We also want you to know that you do not have to come to your appointment alone. If you would like, you may bring your husband or boyfriend, a parent, or another supporter. It may be helpful for them to be aware of how things are developing with your pregnancy as well.
A fetal ultrasound, also called a sonogram, produces images of your baby in the womb by using high-frequency sound waves.
Early ultrasounds are done in the first 14 weeks of pregnancy and show images of the baby’s early development stages. (3) Routine ultrasound images are typically black and white. They are usually somewhat fuzzy but are detailed enough to show us what we need to know about fetal growth. For this reason, it may not be easy for you to identify exactly what you are seeing on the screen. We’ll help you understand what we’re seeing and what it means. We will also give you the option of keeping a few printed images from the scan.
There are a few things you will notice when you look at the ultrasound screen. You will see a white image of your baby and umbilical cord, against a dark background. Your doctor will learn a lot of important information about your developing baby by observing these images.
For example, a 7-week old baby is just the size of a blueberry, but already has developed limb buds, outer ears, and nearly complete eyelids. At this stage, your baby also has an increased heart rate since the last week and cells that are developing muscles and a spinal column. (5)
We share more details about what we can learn together after we cover the two types of ultrasounds.
The transabdominal or standard ultrasound is what you’re probably picturing. (4) To prepare for transabdominal ultrasounds, we ask you to drink a few glasses of water a couple of hours before the procedure. This is because a full bladder helps the high frequency sound waves move more easily, to help provide a clear picture. (6)
This is a painless procedure and it usually takes about 20 minutes. To begin, we will ask you to lay on your back on an examining table. Next, we will apply a gel to your abdomen and move a scanner over it. The scanner is a small, hand-held device that is connected to a screen which instantly shows images.
Vaginal Ultrasounds
Another type of ultrasound is transvaginal ultrasound. These are usually done for the early stages of pregnancy, or when the images from a transabdominal ultrasound are not quite clear enough. We do not provide this type of ultrasound, but it may be helpful to know about it because it is common.
For this procedure, your health care provider will likely ask you to change into a gown and undress from the waist down. Next, you will lie down on an examining table and place your feet in stirrups.
For this process, your health care provider will use a small, slender scanner. The scanner is shaped like a wand. It is covered with a plastic sheath and lubricated before being placed into your vagina. The process is also about 20 minutes long and may cause some discomfort, but shouldn’t be painful. (3)
Both types of early ultrasounds are for early pregnancy, in your first trimester. To learn more about additional ultrasounds in the second trimester or third trimester of pregnancy, click here. (7)
One of the most common reasons for an early ultrasound is to confirm pregnancy, which your doctor can also confirm with a blood test. Other reasons include: checking if there is more than one baby and determining your baby's gestational age, health, and location. Gestational age estimates the weeks of gestation to determine your baby’s due date.
When it comes to your baby’s health, we will be checking on your baby’s heartbeat, muscle tone, movement, and determine if there are any birth defects. (3)
Location is something we will look for, because in certain cases a baby may be developing outside the main cavity of the uterus. This is called an ectopic pregnancy. Most ectopic pregnancies are in the fallopian tube and you can learn more here. (3) Additionally, we will be able to examine the health of your ovaries and uterus. (2)
Your ultrasound test will be 2D, not 3D images or 4D ultrasound. However, there is a lot of useful information we can learn together from your pregnancy ultrasound.
It will also be helpful for you to know about a few things that an early ultrasound cannot determine. First, it cannot determine your baby’s sex. This is because early ultrasounds are done in the first trimester, and a baby’s gender can only be determined after the second trimester, after 18 to 21 weeks of pregnancy. (3)
Second, ultrasounds in the first six to eight weeks of pregnancy cannot determine the presence of Down syndrome. Doctors don’t perform a nuchal translucency ultrasound for Down syndrome until 14–20 weeks gestation, and then only if a past screening test showed a problem. (3) For other types of ultrasounds and how they work, click here. (2)
What we learn about your health, and the health of your baby will help you make decisions that are best for you both. This is the first step in the process and we would love to go on the journey with you.
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Sources:
(1) Care Net. What is a pregnancy center?: Care net pregnancy centers. Pregnancy Centers.
https://www.care-net.org/what-is-a-pregnancy-center
(2) Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2020, November 6). Fetal ultrasound. Mayo Clinic.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/fetal-ultrasound/about/pac-20394149
(3) March of Dimes. (2019, October). Ultrasound during pregnancy. https://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/ultrasound-during-pregnancy.aspx
(4) Riley, L., & Isidro-Cloudas, T. (2019, December 2). What to expect at your first ultrasound. Parents. https://www.parents.com/pregnancy/my-baby/your-babys-first-ultrasound/
(5) Riley, L., & Gough, K. J. (2009, November 5). Week 7 ultrasound: What it would look like. Parents. https://www.parents.com/pregnancy/week-by-week/7/your-growing-baby-week-seven/
(6) Better Health Channel. (2014, August, 31).
Pregnancy tests - ultrasound.
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/pregnancy-tests-ultrasound
(7) Harris, N., & O'Brien, T. (2022, June 14). Pregnancy ultrasounds week by Week. Parents. https://www.parents.com/pregnancy/stages/ultrasound/ultrasound-a-trimester-by-trimester-guide/
(8) March of Dimes. (2017, October). Ectopic pregnancy. https://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/ectopic-pregnancy.aspx
(9) American Pregnancy Association. (2022, February 11).
Ultrasound: Sonogram.
https://americanpregnancy.org/prenatal-testing/ultrasound/
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Adoption: 4 Unique Stories Plus FAQs
There Are Many Stories
Adoption creates possibility. It doesn’t mean a child will have a perfect future, but it allows a child to have a future. This can make all the difference.
According to the Adoption Network, about 135,000 children are adopted in the United States each year (1). That’s 135,000 children embracing opportunities they may not have been able to otherwise.
With about 7 million total adoptees in the U.S., there are stories of adoption all around us. Many of them are heartwarming, while a few are heartbreaking (1). Most of them run the gamut of emotions as a family experiences deep joy following tragedy and pain. Every adoption story is different, as every human is unique. Some children want to know about their birth families; some do not. A few may want to maintain ties to the ethnic or cultural background of their biological parents. Others would rather live according to the culture they’re raised in. Some youth experience behavioral and mental health challenges. Most go through the same challenges any adolescent faces.
Navigating the adoption process is not easy. We’ve included narratives along with answers to questions about adoption. We hope these resources help you on your journey.
Ryan’s Adoption Story
Consider the story of Ryan Bomberger. He was adopted at six weeks old, the first of ten children his parents would adopt. Ryan was conceived in rape. He is now an author, Emmy-winner, and renowned motivational speaker. Ryan serves as a living example of the potential that a child has even when born from the worst circumstances (2).
“My birth mom experienced the horror and the violence of rape,” he says in one of his personal accounts. “She was courageous enough not only to give me life, but she gave me the incredible gift of adoption” (2).
Ryan and his wife Bethany head The Radiance Foundation. This nonprofit promotes adoption and other causes related to human dignity and equality. Together they have continued his parents’ legacy of hope. They adopted two children and help pregnancy-related nonprofits raise funds (2).
Pepper’s Experience
Another valuable personal story comes from Pepper. His mother became pregnant at sixteen (3). By common societal standards, he says, she should have had an abortion. She chose adoption instead: “A sophomore in high school got pregnant and didn’t abort me, and that’s a blessing,” he said (3).
Pepper’s mother attended a Christian concert that included a plug for adoption at the end. Afterward, she spoke to the musician for more information. Through that connection, she met the couple who would become his adoptive parents (3). The two maintained a relationship with her over the years and allowed her to have a connection with her child (3).
“I don’t remember finding out that I had biological parents,” he says now. “I remember finding out that other kids didn’t have [bonus] parents!” (3).
Pepper’s birth mother and adoptive family opted for an “open adoption.” This is a relationship in which biological parents keep in contact with the child and his or her new family. About 60-70% of adoptions in the U.S. follow this popular model (1). The level of contact varies with each case. But knowledge of the child’s growth helps birth parents heal from the feeling of loss they may experience (4).
Want more info about the open adoption process?
We can help guide you through this process.
Pregnancy Support Center
For Pepper and his adopted siblings, this was normal. They did not lack any connection in their day-to-day lives. However, growing up with knowledge about them meant they didn’t have to wonder. Their parents were always ready to help answer any questions or to call their birth families to sate their curiosity (3).
Today, Pepper says that he feels a strong connection to his biological half-sibling. He also had special relationships with his grandparents and extended family growing up (3). Pepper's family’s approach might not apply to every adoption situation. Their story shows how open adoption can keep family ties alive for decades to come.
Adoption Challenges: Patrick's story
That’s not to say that adoptees don’t face challenges. In a blog post for Psychology Today, specialist and adoptee Patrick Burns writes about the risks adopted children face. These include behavioral and psychological difficulties (5). He also points out that these increased risks are still within a normal range. Often adopted children are diagnosed more frequently. This is because adoptive parents tend to seek out all available help for their children (5).
Patrick goes into a few details of his own experiences as a teenager on his blog. These experiences included low grades in school, drugs, and conflict with his family. All are problems that many adolescents face, adopted or not (5). “For quite some time now, I have exhibited little evidence of ‘problem behaviors,'" he says. "I am sober, have completed a B.A. and an M.A., have found fulfilling work, own a house, am in a meaningful relationship, and enjoy a special connection with my mom and dad” (5).
His story is common. It demonstrates that even if an adoptee encounters challenges growing up, they can overcome them. Adoption can provide relationships that help empower children.
Adoptive Parents: Jay and Julie
Adoptees aren’t the only ones whose lives change for the better in adoption. It makes a world of difference to adoptive parents too. One couple, Jay and Julie fostered and adopted a pair of half-siblings, and then a baby a few years later (6).
Jay and Julie are honest about the difficulties of their experience. Jay shares that they “went in with rose-colored glasses and realized there were challenges you couldn’t foresee. But those challenges were good” (6).
According to Jay, those challenges involved a lot of emotional baggage. But the bonds the family formed were worth all the effort. “It was just obvious to a parent in the way that they joined up in our family that they were looking forward to it, to have brothers and sisters and a mom and dad.” In simple terms, “They loved having a family!”(6).
Today, Jay and Julie’s children are students and young adults. Each has their own talents, personalities, and goals. They all share an obvious love for their parents and each other. Any hardships accompanying the adoption process only strengthened the bond their family shares. “It was a challenge,” Jay says, “but it was not one that we would trade. We love our kids” (5).
Are you struggling with the adoption process?
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What All Adoption Stories Share
No two adoption stories are the same, but there are a few things they have in common. In most cases, a birth mother chooses to let someone else raise her child. Others decide to raise that child as their own. In all cases, this involves challenges, which adoptees and families face together.
Adoption doesn’t mean a perfect life, nor does it mean a life of stigma and loss. Adoption means life, and where there’s life, there’s hope.
Adoption FAQs
Where can I find information about adoptions?
If you are facing an unplanned pregnancy, or would like more information, Pregnancy Support Center can connect you with more resources.
Most adoption centers have their own websites and social media pages. These provide specifics like open hours, privacy policies, and terms of service. The staff at Pregnancy Support Center are also happy to help you find out what you need to know.
How do people find and choose adoptive parents?
There are many avenues birth parents can use to find the right permanent family for their baby. This includes adoption agencies, mutual friends and family, or even social media (7). Finding the right fit varies in length depending on the individual situation. Many agencies allow a birth mother to specify details about the family she’d like her baby to go to. These specifications may include age, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or religious background (8).
Would I have to use an adoption agency?
No, it is your choice to work with a licensed adoption agency or pursue an independent adoption. An agency is usually able to offer more adoption support, like finding the right parents and navigating the legal process (9).
How do I know an adoptive home will be safe?
Anyone seeking an adoption in the U.S. must complete a home study and pass a background check to qualify (10). Specific requirements can differ according to state adoption laws. Public and private agencies may have their own methods for conducting home studies. But all share the common goal of ensuring every adopted child receives a safe, loving home (10).
What kinds of people adopt?
As America has become more diverse, so have adoptive families (11). They come from various backgrounds, all with their own reasons for adopting. Some couples adopt due to infertility. Others seek to adopt after having biological children. Transracial adoption is common, as are both non-religious and Christian adoptions. Most prospective adoptive parents are married or in a domestic partnership. Though some single people form a loving family through adoption (12). While the motivations and the kinds of people differ, they all want to show a child unconditional love.
How is international adoption different from domestic adoption?
Many prospective parents choose intercountry adoption. This involves navigating the laws of two countries rather than one. U.S. citizens adopting from abroad must obtain citizenship for their adopted child. The U.S. Department of State has information on its website about what is required. Many agencies and attorneys specialize in international adoptions (13).
What rights do birth mothers and birth fathers have?
Your rights as a birth mother seeking adoption vary depending on where you live. You can choose adoption at any time before or after birth. Generally, you can change your mind until the adoption takes place (14). A birth father’s rights also differ by state (15).
Do I get a choice?
If you are an expectant mother, yes, you have the choice whether to give your baby up for adoption. You can also choose whether to use an agency or pursue an independent adoption.
If your child is currently in foster care, you still have agency. In some cases, you may choose to surrender your parental rights. This can happen if you believe your child is in a safe home and adoption is the best option. In most states, the foster care system makes every effort to reunify children with their biological parents (17). Foster care adoptions only occur after a termination of parental rights. This usually takes months of reunification services and many review hearings. The court will also consider other family members who express a willingness to adopt.
What kind of help can I get?
If you or someone you love is dealing with an unplanned pregnancy, Pregnancy Support Center is here to support you. If you choose adoption, there are many resources available to birth mothers. This includes support groups (16). Pregnancy Support Center can help connect you with these resources to ensure the well-being of both you and your child.
SOURCES:
- US Adoption Statistics. Adoption Network. https://adoptionnetwork.com/adoption-myths-facts/domestic-us-statistics/
- Bomberger, Ryan. Fun. Bold. Creative. Fearless. Ryan Bomberger. The Radiance Foundation. https://www.theradiancefoundation.org/ryan/
- Jensen, Pepper. (2021, December 11). Personal interview.
- Henney, Susan. (2007, December 1). Evolution and resolution: Birthmothers' experience of grief and loss at different levels of adoption openness. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24(6). https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0265407507084188
- Burns, Patrick. (2015, March 31). The Adjustment of Adoptees: Studying the behavior and adjustment of adopted children. Psychology Today (The Guest Room). https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-guest-room/201503/the-adjustment-adoptees.
- Jay and Julie Underwood. Personal interview, December 10, 2021.
- How to Find Birthmothers for Adoption Using Social Media. America Adopts! https://americaadopts.com/find-birthmothers-adoption-using-social-media/
- Waiting Families. Considering Adoption. https://consideringadoption.com/pregnant/finding-a-family/waiting-families/
- Private vs. Agency Adoption. My Adoption Advisor. https://myadoptionadvisor.com/adoption-articles/private-vs-agency-adoption/
- The Adoption Home Study Process. Pamphlet. Child Welfare Information Gateway. https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/f_homstu.pdf
- What You Need to Know About the History of Adoption. American Adoptions. https://www.americanadoptions.com/adoption/history-of-adoption
- What Types of People Adopt? [The Perfect Family Is Waiting]: How an Adoption Agency Can Help You Find an Adoptive Family. Considering Adoption. https://consideringadoption.com/pregnant/finding-a-family/what-types-of-people-adopt/
- Adoption. U.S. Citizen and Immigration Services website. https://www.uscis.gov/adoption
- “When Can You ‘Give a Child Up’ for Adoption? [Is It Too Late?]”. Considering Adoption. https://consideringadoption.com/pregnant/when-can-you-choose-adoption/when-can-you-give-a-child-up-for-adoption/
- Birth Father Rights, the Putative Father Registry and Adoption: How You Can Help Create a Better Future for Your Child. Considering Adoption. https://consideringadoption.com/pregnant/father-of-the-baby/if-you-are-a-birth-father-putative-father-registry/
- Bolin, Leslie. (2019, October 29). Birth Mother Support Groups. Adoption.com. https://adoption.com/birth-mother-support-groups
- (2021, May 14). Child Welfare Outcomes 2018: Report to Congress. Children’s Bureau. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/report/cwo-2018
- Child Welfare Outcomes Report Data. Children’s Bureau. https://cwoutcomes.acf.hhs.gov/cwodatasite/
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Critical Things to Know Before Scheduling an Abortion
At Pregnancy Support Center, we know it’s your life that will be impacted by the decision you make about your pregnancy. So, before you pay someone to perform an abortion, it is your right to know all of your options and have all of the information you need to make an educated, and safe, decision. While for-profit clinics and hospitals are often driven more by money than concern for the patient, we exist solely because we care about you, without making a profit.
Our knowledgeable, compassionate staff are committed to thoroughly and honestly sharing the information you need to make an informed decision, including answering these three critical questions before scheduling an abortion.
Is Your Pregnancy Viable?
A viable pregnancy means you are carrying a baby that has a reasonable chance to develop fully and survive outside the womb. A non-viable pregnancy, then, means the fetus has either died or has no chance of being born alive and living outside the womb1 . Some non-viable pregnancies, such as an ectopic pregnancy (a pregnancy that is growing outside of the uterus), can pose a significant risk to the mother and cannot be addressed through abortion. For this reason, having an ultrasound prior to scheduling an abortion is critical, as it is the only way to definitively determine viability. At Pregnancy Support Center, we can perform this ultrasound free of charge.
Learn More About Non-Viable Pregnancies
Non-Viable Pregnancies
Again, a non-viable pregnancy means that the baby has zero chance of surviving outside the womb. While there are strict medical guidelines for determining pregnancy viability, it is important that you are fully informed before moving forward with any medical procedure.
You’re much more likely to have a failed, or non-viable, pregnancy in the first trimester (the first 0-13 weeks of pregnancy)2. Any suspicion of a non-viable pregnancy should be discussed with your medical professional and all options explored before action of any kind is undertaken. A second opinion is always a good idea. While 10-20% of known pregnancies end in miscarriage3, there are other pregnancies that continue despite being non-viable and can potentially cause health risks. With that in mind, here are some of the most common causes of non-viability that may be detected through an ultrasound performed at 6 weeks gestation or later.
- No heartbeat. Keep in mind that if the gestational age of the pregnancy has not definitively been determined, it may be too early to detect a fetal heartbeat. Waiting a week or two and repeating the vaginal ultrasound may be in order. If a second ultrasound does not show a heartbeat, it could mean that you have miscarried or that the baby has died in utero. There could be a variety of reasons that the baby failed to thrive and develop. Consult with your medical professional regarding the need for a procedure known as dilation and curettage (D&C) or other method to ensure the safe and full expulsion of the fetus, placenta and pregnancy tissue from the uterus. During a D&C, the cervix is dilated and the contents of the uterus are removed using suction and/or a looped tool called a curette4.
- Ectopic pregnancy. This condition occurs when the fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, most often in the fallopian tubes. An ectopic pregnancy affects 1% to 2% of all pregnancies and poses a significant threat to women of reproductive age. If left undiagnosed or untreated, the fetus can grow until it ruptures the fallopian tube, which will cause heavy internal bleeding in the abdomen and may lead to shock. It is the leading cause of maternal death during the first trimester of pregnancy and is responsible for 9% of pregnancy-related deaths in the United States5.
To prevent these life-threatening complications, the ectopic tissue must be removed using medication, laparoscopic or abdominal surgery. The method depends on your symptoms and when the ectopic pregnancy is discovered6.
- Anembryonic Gestation/Blighted Ovum. When a fertilized egg attaches to the uterine wall, it begins to develop a gestational sac around itself. In the case of anembryonic gestation, or blighted ovum, the gestational sac continues to grow, but the egg inside it does not, and it never develops into an embryo. This condition is believed to be the result of chromosomal abnormalities and often ends in miscarriage before or shortly after the woman becomes aware she is pregnant7.
If a miscarriage does not occur, the condition can be detected during an ultrasound that shows the gestational sac to be empty. At that point, your doctor may recommend waiting for a natural miscarriage to occur or suggest a D&C.
- Molar Pregnancy. This is a rare complication (1 in 1,000 pregnancies) that can present as either a complete or partial molar pregnancy. In a complete molar pregnancy, the placental tissue develops abnormally, becoming swollen and forming fluid-filled cysts that may appear like grapes on an ultrasound. A fetus does not form in this type of molar pregnancy because the egg that is fertilized is empty, meaning that the genetic material comes solely from the father’s sperm. A partial molar pregnancy, on the other hand, may contain both normal and abnormal placental tissue that forms simultaneously. A fetus may also form, but it is rarely able to survive because the abnormal tissue overtakes the fetus and/or because two sperm fertilize the same egg, thus providing two sets of male chromosomes, or two sets of the father's genetic material. If a doctor suspects a molar pregnancy, blood tests and an ultrasound will usually be ordered. If the pregnancy doesn’t end in miscarriage, other treatment options will be explored8.
In extremely rare instances, an embryo does develop and survive into the late weeks of a molar pregnancy, so while considered a non-viable pregnancy, it is always important to get conclusive evidence before moving forward. Women who are younger than 20 or older than 35 are at slightly higher risk of having molar pregnancies. There is also a chance that the molar pregnancy can develop into a cancerous tumor and spread beyond the uterus if not treated successfully9,10.
How Far Along Are You?
The gestational age of the fetus, or number of weeks since conception, is a key factor in determining the type of abortion you will receive, as well as its cost. Even though many women have a general idea of the date of their last period, the exact time the pregnancy began is an estimation. An ultrasound is the only way to definitively identify the true age and size of the fetus. In fact, without it, you could be offered the wrong type of abortion. A chemical abortion (the abortion pill), for example, could be recommended when you are actually past the 10-week window for that procedure’s safety or effectiveness. For this reason, a tele-medicine consultation is insufficient, as it cannot provide proof of pregnancy, proof of gestational age, or proof of a viable pregnancy, potentially putting you at risk. At Pregnancy Support Center, we personally provide all of this information at no cost to you.
Learn More About Types of Abortions
Types of Abortions*
There are two categories that abortions fall into – chemical abortion and surgical abortion. Stage of pregnancy and personal health information determine the type of abortion procedure used to end a pregnancy. That’s why an ultrasound is necessary to pinpoint gestational age and ensure a viable pregnancy. A visit with a medical professional is also critical to identify any risk factors. Below is an overview of the most common abortion procedures. We are here to answer any questions you may have and offer you a free pre-abortion screening. Call us today at ___________ or text ___________.
Chemical/Medication Abortion (up to 10 weeks gestation)
Chemical, or medication, abortions now make up more than 40% of all pregnancy terminations. Also known as the abortion pill, self-managed abortion, or RU-486, this method involves taking two pills: mifepristone (RU-486) and misoprostol. Mifepristone blocks the uterus from receiving progesterone, which is a hormone necessary to sustain pregnancy. Without the hormone, the lining of the uterus begins to deteriorate and inhibits the transfer of life-sustaining nutrients to the unborn child, causing it to die. Following mifepristone, the woman takes the second drug, misoprostol, 24-48 hours later. This causes the uterus to initiate contractions to expel the fetus and uterine contents11.
Because a chemical abortion is not performed in a medical facility, the woman is responsible for monitoring her body’s response to the medication. As a result, it is imperative that she contact her doctor or seek emergency assistance if complications arise, such as uncontrolled bleeding or intense pain. Since the abortion is completed at home, the woman is also responsible for disposing of the remains.
Recently, the abortion pill has become more easily accessible, usually through a tele-medicine consultation and mail-order prescription. As a result of the overall increase in medication abortions, the FDA says that more than 20 women have died from taking the drug combination12. Research studies also show that chemical abortions are four times more likely to have complications than surgical abortions (5 per 10013), whether due to infection, ectopic pregnancy, septic shock, or the regimen’s ineffectiveness. In fact, up to 7% of self-administered chemical procedures result in incomplete abortions, which then requires the woman to pay for a surgical abortion to fully extract the fetus from the womb14. It is important that the woman seek a follow-up exam and ultrasound to ensure that the abortion was complete.
Surgical Abortion
The type of surgical abortion used is also dependent on the gestational age of the baby and health factors of the mother. Cost for each varies, as well, but generally increases for procedures performed later in pregnancy. According to the Mayo Clinic, “Women who have multiple surgical abortion procedures may also have more risk of trauma to the cervix15,” which can pose problems for future pregnancies.
D&C – Dilation and Curettage, or Vacuum Aspiration (6-14 weeks gestation)
In this surgical abortion, the cervix is stretched open, or dilated. Next, a tube is attached to a suction machine and inserted into the uterus. The fetus is then suctioned out of the uterus and a tool called a curette is used to scrape any remaining fetal parts or pregnancy tissue from the uterine wall. Though infrequent, complications from a D&C can include uterine perforation, uterine infection, uterine bleeding, or Asherman’s syndrome, all which are treatable if diagnosed early16.
Dilation and Evacuation - (12-24 weeks gestation)
This is the most common abortion method used after 12 weeks of pregnancy. The cervix is slowly stretched open over a period of hours, most often using a substance called laminaria. Next, a numbing agent or general anesthesia is administered to control pain. A suction catheter is then inserted into the uterus to empty the amniotic fluid surrounding the baby17. This is followed by a sopher clamp that the abortionist uses to dismember the body for removal, especially after 16 weeks, as it is too big to be delivered intact. Once the fetus has been extracted, the abortionist uses a curette to scrape the uterus to remove the placenta and any remaining tissue. The body parts of the baby are then collected and reassembled to ensure that nothing was left inside the woman’s uterus18.
The procedure is not without risks. Extreme blood loss, cervical damage, uterine perforation and scarred tissue can all cause complications, both immediately following the abortion and long-term, including future miscarriage and preterm birth. In severe cases, uterine rupture can lead to death. The CDC estimates that the risk of death from a D&E increases by 38% for each additional week of gestation19. There are also studies that indicate the risk of depression, anxiety, and suicide is greater for a woman who aborts an unwanted pregnancy than it is for a woman who carries an unwanted pregnancy to term.20
Induction of Labor - (Third Trimester)
Abortions performed after 22 weeks are more involved, as the baby has reached the point of viability, or living outside the womb, if delivered alive. For this reason, abortion by induction of labor is usually done in the hospital. In most cases, the abortionist will take measures to stop the baby’s life prior to induction so that the mother delivers a stillborn child. This is done by injecting a lethal dose of either digoxin or potassium chloride through the abdomen or vagina into the baby’s heart, torso or head. This causes the baby to have fatal cardiac arrest (a heart attack)21.
Following this procedure, the abortionist will prepare for delivery by inserting a substance into the cervix to soften and stretch it. After a time, a second ultrasound may be performed to ensure the baby is no longer living. If still alive, a second dose of digoxin or potassium chloride will be administered. The woman is then injected with medication that initiates contractions, usually either prostaglandin or oxytocin. Because this can take a number of hours, women may return home or to a hotel room to wait until contractions begin, returning to the hospital or clinic to deliver the stillborn child. In some cases, the woman may not have time to make it to the hospital and will deliver the baby where she is, usually talking with a doctor or nurse on the phone and waiting for medical personnel to arrive22.
Labor induction carries with it the slight chance that the baby is born alive, a chance that increases with gestational age. If this happens, the baby may be left unattended to die naturally. If all tissue is not emptied out of the uterus during the labor and delivery process, the walls of the uterus will need to be scraped. In the event the baby is not delivered fully intact, a D&E is likely performed. It should also be noted that studies have listed “induced abortion” as a breast cancer risk factor23.
Hysterotomy/Cesarean Abortion - (Third Trimester)
Also performed after the baby is viable (~22 weeks), a hysterotomy abortion is much like a cesarean section delivery. The abortionist enters the womb via a surgical incision in the woman’s abdominal wall. The primary difference between delivery vs abortion, however, is that, before extracting the baby, the life of the baby is stopped one of two ways: a lethal injection of digoxin or potassium chloride into the baby’s heart, head or torso to cause cardiac arrest; or cutting the umbilical cord to stop the flow of oxygen to the child, causing suffocation. In rare cases, the baby is delivered alive and left unattended to die. Hysterotomy is rare but is the preferred abortion method if the induction method fails or cannot be used for other reasons24.
If you are considering abortion, contact us today for your free pre-abortion screening and consultation.
*NAME OF CENTER does not perform or refer for abortions.
Do You Have an STI?
You may wonder what having an STI has to do with getting an abortion, but it is extremely important. If you have an STI, especially one of the two most common, chlamydia or gonorrhea, and aren’t treated before having an abortion, your risk of developing Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) increases by 23% if the cervical infection is forced up into the uterus during the medical procedure25. PID increases your chances of having a future ectopic pregnancy, can decrease fertility, and can cause life-long pelvic inflammation and pain26. Testing is especially important because these STIs can be present without any symptoms. Other STIs, such as cervical syphilis27, HIV/AIDS28, and Human PapillomaVirus (HPV)29, also need to be tested for early in pregnancy, regardless of your pregnancy intentions, as they can pose significant risks to your health.
The majority of abortion facilities do not test for STIs prior to performing an abortion procedure. If they do, they charge an additional fee. At Pregnancy Support Center, we can confidentially have you tested and treated for these STIs at no charge. Results of STI testing are usually available within one week.
Learn More About STIs that Impact Abortion
STIs that Impact Abortion
If you have scheduled or are considering an abortion, it is important to get tested beforehand for two STIs that can pose a risk during the procedure. Why? Because women who have an untreated STI like chlamydia or gonorrhea are up to 23% more likely to develop Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) following an abortion procedure30.
Chlamydia31
The most common bacterial STI in the U.S. is chlamydia, and it is nearly symptom-free in 85% of women. When it progresses to display symptoms, women might experience a noticeable discharge, a foul vaginal odor, bleeding after having sex, or irregular monthly bleeding. Because chlamydia primarily affects a woman’s cervix (the lowest region of the uterus that attaches the uterus, or womb, to the vagina), serious complications of going undetected can include Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (an infection of a woman’s reproductive organs); ectopic, or tubal, pregnancy (a pregnancy that is growing outside of the uterus); and even infertility. If you are pregnant and have chlamydia at the time of delivery, it can cause an eye infection in your baby. Chlamydia is treatable with antibiotics.
Gonorrhea32
Gonorrhea is another common and easily treated STI, but it can be symptom-free, as well. When symptoms do appear, they resemble those of chlamydia for women, but may also include itching and abdominal pain. In men, symptoms usually consist of burning during urination and/or a yellow discharge. If left untreated, gonorrhea can lead to a chronic liver disease call Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome, as well as PID, ectopic pregnancy and infertility. Gonorrhea is treatable with antibiotics.
Get Your Pre-abortion Screening
At Pregnancy Support Center, we are here to give you the answers to these three critical questions before undergoing an abortion. Our no-cost pre-abortion screenings include a pregnancy test, an ultrasound and STI testing all performed by a licensed medical professional.
References
- Clement EG, Horvath S, Mcallister A, Koelper NC, Sammel MD, Schreiber CA. The language of first-trimester nonviable pregnancy: Patient-reported preferences and clarity. Obstet Gynecol.2019;133(1):149-154. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002997
- (2021, June 15). A Determined Look into Non-Viable Pregnancy: Heartbreak and The Way Forward | Mommy Labor Nurse. Mommy Labor Nurse | Educating Expecting Parents About What’s To Come! https://mommylabornurse.com/non-viable-pregnancy/
- Miscarriage - Symptoms and causes. (2019, July 16). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pregnancy-loss-miscarriage/symptoms-causes/syc-20354298
- How a D&E Differs From a D&C. (2020, November 8). Verywell Family. https://www.verywellfamily.com/what-is-dilation-and-evacuation-d-e-for-miscarriage-2371460
- Hillson, B. B. J. H. M. (2014, July 1). Diagnosis and Management of Ectopic Pregnancy. American Family Physician. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2014/0701/p34.html
- Ectopic pregnancy - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic. (2020, December 18). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372093
- Blighted Ovum: A Non-Viable Pregnancy With No Obvious Symptoms. (2020, March 25). Verywell Family. https://www.verywellfamily.com/understanding-blighted-ovum-2371492
- How Are the Symptoms of a Molar Pregnancy Treated? (2020, October 25). Verywell Family. https://www.verywellfamily.com/molar-pregnancy-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-2371405
- Symptoms & Treatment For Molar Pregnancy Cancer. (2020). Www.Pregnancy-Baby-Care.Com. http://www.pregnancy-baby-care.com/molar-pregnancy/molar-pregnancy-cancer.html
- Feature Editor. (2019, August 28). Molar Pregnancy – What is it and Why Does it Happen?Com. https://pregged.com/molar-pregnancy/
- Abortion Pills - First Trimester Medical Abortion. (Accessed October 2021). abortionprocedures.com. https://www.abortionprocedures.com/abortion-pill/#1465365763472-92a2fc8d-9104.
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. (2021, April 13). Questions and Answers on Mifeprex. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/questions-and-answers-mifeprex
- Incidence of Emergency Department Visits and Complications. . . : Obstetrics & Gynecology. (2015). LWW. https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Fulltext/2015/01000/Incidence_of_Emergency_Department_Visits_and.29.aspx
- Niinimäki, M. (2009). Immediate complications after medical compared with surgical termination of pregnancy. PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19888037/
- Elective abortion: Does it affect subsequent pregnancies? (2020, September 19). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/getting-pregnant/expert-answers/abortion/faq-20058551?reDate=15102021
- Dilation and Curettage (D&C): Treatment, Risks, Recovery. (2021, March). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/4110-dilation-and-curettage-d--c
- Lohr, Patricia A. “Surgical Abortion in Second Trimester”, Reproductive Health Matters, May 2008, 156. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18772096.
- D&E Abortion – Second Trimester. (Accessed October 2021). abortionprocedures.com. https://www.abortionprocedures.com/#1466802055946-992e6a14-9b1d.
- Bartlett, L. A. (2004, April). Risk factors for legal induced abortion-related mortality in the United States. PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15051566/
- Fergusson, David M with Joseph M. Boden and L. John Harwood. “Does abortion reduce the mental health risks of unwanted or unintended pregnancy? A re-appraisal of the evidence.” Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, Sept. 2013, Vol. 47, No. 9, pp. 819-827. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23553240 .
- Darney, P.D., et al. “Digoxin to facilitate late second-trimester abortion: a randomized, masked, placebo-controlled trial.,” Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vol. 97, Issue 3, Mar.2001, pp. 471-476. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11239659 .
- Induction Abortion - Third Trimester. (Accessed October 2021). abortionprocedures.com. https://www.abortionprocedures.com/induction/#1466802482689-777ef64c-4991.
- Dolle, J. M. (2009, April 1). Risk Factors for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in Women Under the Age of 45 Years. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. https://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/18/4/1157.full
- Induction of fetal demise before abortion. (in press). Society of Family Planning. https://www.societyfp.org/_documents/resources/InductionofFetalDemise.pdf
- L, W., T, P., & J, S. (1982, September 1). Significance of cervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection in postabortal pelvic inflammatory disease. Abstract - Europe PMC. https://europepmc.org/article/med/7121913
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease - CDC Fact Sheet. (1999). CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/std/pid/stdfact-pid.htm
- STD Facts - Syphilis. (2017, June). CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis.htm
- About HIV/AIDS | HIV Basics | HIV/AIDS | CDC. (2021, June). CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html
- STD Facts - Human papillomavirus (HPV). (2021, January). CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/stdfact-hpv.htm
- L, W., T, P., & J, S. (1982, September 1). Significance of cervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection in postabortal pelvic inflammatory disease. Abstract - Europe PMC. https://europepmc.org/article/med/7121913
- STD Facts - Chlamydia. (2014, January). CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/std/Chlamydia/stdfact-Chlamydia.htm
- STD Facts - Gonorrhea. (2014, January). CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/stdfact-gonorrhea.htm
Not Found
Help! My boyfriend wants me to get an abortion! When I discovered my unplanned pregnancy, I went through all the emotions, from fear to joy. Pregnancy hormones are intense. My boyfriend was the only person I told about my late period. Despite not using birth control, I thought that unplanned pregnancies only happened to other young women. My boyfriend was in denial. He insisted that I make sure I was really pregnant, so I got a free pregnancy test from my local Pregnancy resource center.
Now what should I do?
—Brittany*
(*Brittany’s name has been changed, and her story is an aggregate of women’s stories.)
Are you pregnant?
Find out for sure with a free test at
Pregnancy Support Center.
Can you relate? Did your first conversation about your unexpected pregnancy go poorly? Maybe he just didn’t react well in the moment. Is he really opposed to you keeping the baby, or is he just ambivalent? Does he feel a baby would mean the loss of freedom? Does he want to have children someday?
Unwanted pregnancy brings up so many questions. You want to make the right decision, but your boyfriends is saying he hopes you make the “right choice” and you know he means abortion. There are so many important things to think about.
Keep the lines of communication open. Why does he want you to have an abortion? Sometimes a guy may say he wants an abortion because he thinks that’s what you want to hear. Have you told him about your feelings?
Are you afraid you can’t keep the baby without both practical support, and emotional support from your boyfriend? It's healthy and normal to both want and need support from others. You can build a support system of supportive friends and family with or without your boyfriend. Let's start by asking if your relationship with your boyfriend is healthy enough to be supportive.
Whether or not you stay together depends on the quality of your relationship, not the presence or absence of a child. Is your boyfriend willing to listen to your feelings, and respectful of your wishes? Or are you afraid to talk to him because he has angry outbursts? Fearing your partner is not a healthy sign. See if your situation sounds like this woman with an unhealthy relationship. She described her own experience on a forum in response to a story of unplanned pregnancy much like Brittany’s:
Hi dear,
I'm sorry you’re in a tough spot. It closely reflects what I've been through! My unplanned pregnancy brought out the truth in my relationship. I realized my 28-year-old baby daddy would not be there to support me emotionally through an abortion. He saw it as his way out from parenting. Deciding was so difficult! For two months, I booked and canceled appointments. After having endless conversations with friends and family, posting here, arguing and crying daily with BD, I had to go with my heart. My heart is to keep the baby.
Now I'm single and 5 months pregnant. I'm so much happier to be alone compared to the stress, shame, and sadness he has caused me. BD left me a few months ago. It's a relief not having to try to make him stay. If I could have gone back in time when I first found out, I would have told myself to keep the baby and let him go immediately, based on how he was acting.
My little one and I will not be a perfect family, but I know that my child will be so loved and have every opportunity in their life. Yes, being pregnant and single sometimes feels lonely — but honestly, it's just pregnancy. It isn't as difficult as you think it will be.
One last thing: men and women are equally responsible for their own contraception. The fathers of our children could have insisted on condoms if they felt they were not ready to risk making a baby. There is nothing to feel guilty about. Listen to your heart and if you need support, please DM me (1)!
Speaking of support, did you know your local Pregnancy resource center can talk you through your pregnancy options? Know your legal rights - no one can force you to abort. In order to make the best decision, you need to know your available options. Client advocates at Pregnancy Support Center can give you factual information about surgical abortion, medical abortion, parenting, and adoption.
If you’re still not sure how healthy your relationship is, it’s a good idea to talk to a client advocate about your boyfriend’s behavior. They can help you identify signs of domestic violence from controlling behavior to physical abuse. I know it’s hard to consider the possibility that the man you love might be abusive. The fact that he wants you to get an abortion when you don’t want one is concerning, and controlling.
Want Help?
Talk it out at
Pregnancy Support Center.
Did you know there’s an association between abortion and domestic abuse? It’s not always the case, but sometimes an abusive relationship leads to unplanned pregnancy and then abortion. Put another way, women with a history of Intimate Partner Violence had significantly higher odds of unintended pregnancy and abortion (2). According to Dr. Burke, “the abortion rate and the domestic violence rate have risen almost side by side. Abortion, for both women and men, is associated with self-hatred, self-punishing behavior, and an increased tendency to act out anger and rage toward others.” (3). Work with your client advocate, and tell a safe family member if you need to make a safety plan.
If you are in crisis, call the National Domestic Violence Hotline 800.799.SAFE (7233)
For emergencies, call 911.
Maybe your boyfriend isn’t toxic, and you’re still tempted to get an abortion to keep your relationship. Sometimes it’s helpful to map out all the possibilities. You could:
- Keep the baby and keep the relationship
- Keep the baby and lose the relationship
- Lose the baby and keep the relationship
- Lose the baby and lose the relationship
You’re in control of keeping the baby or not, but you’re not in complete control of your relationship. He might leave you after you have an abortion. Chances are if you’re reading this, you’re thinking about keeping the baby. If you ignore your heart and abort, you may feel “anger, resentment, and bitterness toward the partner who was not supportive or who ignored [your] desire to keep the baby.” (3). This resentment can destroy your relationship. Another woman from the same forum described how her abortion decision affected her relationship. Her boyfriend lied to her, claiming they could have another baby in the future. (No one can guarantee you a future pregnancy.) He argued he wouldn't leave and promised to support her. His promises were weak. She’s still clinging to the relationship, but now she feels empty. Before the procedure, she believed it was the right choice for her. Then a few days later she had doubts when the permanence of her decision set in. Now she wishes she didn’t do it. Her advice is two-fold: first, educate yourself, and second don’t go through with a decision unless you feel 100% (4).
Ask yourself, after a period of time, which decision am I more likely to regret?
Brittany felt calmer as she talked about all her feelings while her client advocate listened. She expected the woman to say something judgmental, but instead she highlighted all the resources they could offer her. [NAME OF CENTER] has free diapers, baby supplies, and classes for single parents and parents-to-be.
Need Support?
If your boyfriend is not willing or able to support you financially, check out the Top 3 Financial Resources for Pregnancy.
Thanks to the center, Brittany knew she could keep her unborn child, even without her boyfriend's financial help. She talked to her boyfriend more about his feelings about her pregnancy. He felt a mix of wonder, joy, guilt and pride. Turns out, he was afraid he would be a bad dad because he didn’t have a father growing up. She invited her boyfriend to attend parenting classes at the Pregnancy resource center with her. After her beautiful daughter was born, she knew keeping her was the best choice.
You can do this. This is not the first time pregnant women have decided to keep their unborn children. Maybe you’re thinking “Brittany had it easy. The fact that my boyfriend wants an abortion is not my only problem.” Client advocates have worked with hundreds of women with all sorts of problems. Get in touch to learn how we can help in your unique situation.
Sources
*Brittany’s name has been changed, and her story is an aggregate of women’s stories
(1) Paraphrase Peaa67wij. (2018, January 12). Help - I want the baby, father doesn't. Netmums Forum. Retrieved April 22, 2022, from https://www.netmums.com/coffeehouse/pregnancy-terminations-1161/unplanned-pregnancy-46/1746791-help-i-want-baby-father-doesnt.html
(2) Pallitto, C. C., García-Moreno, C., Jansen, H. A., Heise, L., Ellsberg, M., Watts, C., & WHO Multi-Country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence (2013). Intimate partner violence, abortion, and unintended pregnancy: results from the WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 120(1), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2012.07.003
(3) Burke, T. K. (2020, June 5). Can relationships survive after abortion? • afterabortion.org. AfterAbortion.org. Retrieved April 21, 2022, from https://afterabortion.org/can-relationships-survive-after-abortion/
(4) Emwar5. (2018, January 12). Help - I want the baby, father doesn't. Netmums Forum. Retrieved April 22, 2022, from https://www.netmums.com/coffeehouse/pregnancy-terminations-1161/unplanned-pregnancy-46/1746791-help-i-want-baby-father-doesnt.html